INTRODUCTION

Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University (AKTU) (formerly UPTU) was established in May 2000 by the Government of Uttar Pradesh with a mission to acclimate and cultivate the excellence in technical education and research by integrating human values and ethics among students. The University is affiliating in nature and its jurisdiction spans the entire state of Uttar Pradesh in affiliating 700+ colleges/institutions imparting graduate, postgraduate and doctoral level training in all government and private institutions located in all over UP.